Role Of The Anterior Cruciate Ligament - 1642 Words

Most people will never understand the many complexities of the world. The same can be said about the human body and the different structures that work together to produce movement. Some people who desire to be in highly competitive sporting environments, will attest to the excruciatingly painful, life-altering moment when they were engaged in play and heard the quintessential â€Å"pop† sound from their knee and they are immediately falling to the floor unable to move that knee. This is usually followed by a diagnosis of an anterior cruciate ligament tear and within a few weeks, surgical methods must be taken if the athlete wishes to return to their sport at the same high level. This paper will seek to properly define what the role of the anterior cruciate ligament (more commonly called the ACL) is, shed light on the procedures necessary for an athlete to return to play, and analyze data found through research to determine the likelihood of re-injury and, therefore, the effect iveness of ACL surgery. The anterior cruciate ligament â€Å"is a ligament that connects the femur (thigh bone) to the tibia (lower leg bone) and is one of four major ligaments in the knee† (Putukian 1). It is responsible for stabilizing the knee, especially in sports/activities that require cutting, pivoting, turning maneuvers, landing, sudden deceleration, and planting. It is this ligament that is responsible for also preventing tibial translation onto the femur. Injury to the ACL usually happens whenShow MoreRelatedBiomechanics Essay1400 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ The Anterior Cruciate Ligament’s role in movement Michael Corrada Texas Tech University Quiz 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 ABSTRACT The anterior cruciate ligament is one of the most injured parts of the knee for young and old alike. With the advancements in medical technology we are able to provide reconstruction and physical therapy to those with this type of injury. Most anterior cruciate ligament tears come from cutting or sharp pivoting or when the lower leg is planted and the upper leg twistsRead MoreThe Injuries Of The Knee Joint1325 Words   |  6 Pagestransverse plane. Internal rotation and external rotation of the knee move about the proximal/distal axis. Flexion and extension of the knee move about the medial/lateral axis. The valgus and varus movements that occur at the knee joint move about the anterior/posterior axis. The interlocking of the femoral condyles with the tibial plateau restricts rotation in the knee when the joint is in a fully extended position with the amount of rotation increasing as the knee joint flexes. The knee provides mobilityRead MoreDon t Tear It?1652 Words   |  7 Pagesfemales in the last decade and is a great recreational sport to be apart of. In Montana, girls that play soccer are prepared for all weather mentally but not necessarily physically. Many girls every year are sat on the bench from injuries. Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injuries are the most common injury a young girl can get. Soccer is a game played on a turf or grass field. The ground could change within minutes if it started raining or snowing. This causes it to become slippery making it more ofRead MoreThe Knee Joint And The Rehabilitation Process1577 Words   |  7 Pagespaper will focus on the role of the ACL, how it is injured, and the rehabilitation process. While each component of the lower extremity has its own role, the knee is the most complex. The knee joint performs various functions and carries most of the weight of the upper body. There are four ligaments in the knee joint: the anterior cr uciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, and the lateral collateral ligament. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is often injured whenRead MoreSymptoms And Severity Of A Knee Ligament1088 Words   |  5 Pagesthat the symptoms and severity of a knee ligament sprain relies on upon the level of stretching or tearing of the ligament. In his study he has included 3 grades of knee ligament sprain. 1) In a mild grade 1: knee ligament sprain, the ligaments may extend but they don’t actually tear. The joint cannot swell or hurt very much. It can increase the risk of injury again. 2) With a moderate evaluation II sprain: Bruising and swelling are most common sign. Ligaments get partially torn and more painful. 3)Read MoreWhat Is Anterior Cruciate Ligament?1726 Words   |  7 PagesOne can say that an Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) tear, is an athlete’s worst nightmare. The ACL is one of four major ligaments that stabilizes and supports the knee. Its main function is to prevent anterior movement of the tibia off of the femur along with hyperextension. The ACL injury occurs from overstretching the ligament often caused by a sudden change in direction, awkward landing from a jump, sudden deceleration, or even a direct collision (3). More importantly, three out of four ACLRead MoreSports and Injuries: Anterior Cruciate Ligament558 Words   |  2 Pages Anterior Cruciate Ligament The sport I have chosen is soccer, soccer is the most popular sport in the world as every country in the world plays soccer. Soccer has many injuries as the high tempo of the game kills the athletes bones, but one of the most common injuries in soccer is the anterior cruciate ligament. Anterior Cruciate ligament also know as ACL is a heartbreaking knee injury to the athlete which puts them out for years. This injury occurs when the athlete has done overtraining and hasRead MoreClinical Conditions And Their Underlying Pain Mechanisms1705 Words   |  7 Pagespain reported usually relates well to the extent of the peripheral tissue damage or pathology which is the anterior cruciate ligament sprain. Anterior cruciate ligament sprain often involved peripheral tissue damage or pathology. It is usually due to sudden twisting or hyperextension resulting in knee bending back too far which consequently lead to the damage of the anterior cruciate ligament (Vorvick Ma 2011). The knee sprained can be classified into three grades, depending on the amount of damageRead MoreThe Ligament Of The Anterior Cruciate Ligament1697 Words   |  7 PagesThe Anterior Cruciate Ligament, also known as the ACL, plays an important role in the stabilization of the knee. The ACL connects the femur to the tibia. The ACL passes, in a diagonal, from the outer area of the femur to the inner area of the tibia. The main function of the ACL is to restrain forward movement and the inner rotation of the bottom half of the leg, as well as prevent hyperextension of the knee (Schwager, 2009). Three bones meet to form the knee joint. These include the thighboneRead MoreKnee Injuries : A Knee Injury885 Words   |  4 Pagesdislocations. These various injuries can include notorious tears known as: †¢ Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) tears †¢ Lateral Collateral Ligament (LCL) tears †¢ Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) tears †¢ Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) tears Each type of tear can be clearly visible through the use of an MRI scan. ACL Tears ACL tears are the most common type of knee injuries seen in athletes. The ACL is viewed as the most important ligament in the entire knee. To elaborate, it helps provide stability throughout

Cyber Culture And Cyber Cultures - 1430 Words

The 90s and 20s was the time when lots of people came up with inventions, issues, government problems, political problems, technologies and many historical events. There were like storm of ideas with the politics, communities, technologies, and inventions. The 20s has been the new beginning for everyone to make their work easier with some new technologies and getting introduced to a new cyber world which also can be called as cyber cultures. The term cyber culture creates a lot of acceptable technology courses. The virtual reality, and online communities show that there is a necessity of cyber cultures in educational purpose, and economic social cultures. To help these people who are in desperate need for these cyber cultures a person named David Bell came up with new ideas to make a theory which is similar to Google and Yahoo. He was also aiming in a greatest hit in educational market. With the Introduction to cyber cultures bell found a lot of new links which has been relating for his new theories which he is about to make and expand more on technology field. (Marsching). As a result of the new cyber cultures introduction by David Bell many students find it easy to finish their educational work easier and all the people who are in with the social and economic culture. After the introduction of the cyber cultures, many people were finding a device which is similar to an Mp3 player so that they can carry wherever they go to listen to music. The new device which is similarShow MoreRelated Cyber Culture: The Future of Print Essay1667 Words   |  7 PagesIn many ways, we have, for better or worse, already moved beyond the book. Even on the crudest, most materialist standard involving financial returns, we no longer find it at the center of our culture as the primary means of recording and disseminating information and entertainment (Landow 215). Cyber culture, particularly Internet phenomenons such as online journals and email, have enhanced the way we work with writing and changed the way we write. For instance, references such as online journalsRead MoreHacker Culture And Mitigation : Cyber Crime1828 Words   |  8 PagesHacker Culture and Mitigation Introduction What would later turn out to be one of the deadliest hacks in the history of cyber crime began when actor Seth Rogen and screenwriter Goldberg Evans joked about producing a comedy that would feature the assassination of North Korean’s leader Kim Jong-un. A few months later, the reality of the joke dawned when Sony Pictures Entertainment made an announcement that both Rogen and Goldberg would direct the movie dubbed â€Å"The Interview.† The movie was to be officiallyRead MoreCyber Culture And Its Impact On Modern Society1833 Words   |  8 Pages and the dangers that may arise as a result of it in the near future. The ‘Cyber cultural society we live in today is shaped by these histories, in such a way that ‘man vs. machine’ has become an abundant theme and concept in entertainment fields and has been the inspiration for many sci-fi Film makers, theorists and writers to depict possible outcomes of future technology, and inform the society/ audience. Cyber culture surrounding us today, can be seen as a direct product of the histories of theRead MoreEssay about Cyber Culture and The Future of Print1610 Words   |  7 PagesCyber Culture and The Future of Print How has writing and the way we read changed in the last fifty years? Technology, reading, and writing has changed greatly over the last five decades, but how much has it affected our culture? Technology has become our culture, we are cyber culture. We need everything as fast as we can get it, somehow we’ve lost the time through the years to read and write as we once did. Computers have changed the way we work, go to college, shop and so many other dayRead MoreCyber Software, Inc.1503 Words   |  7 PagesCyber Security I will first like to share with you some of the Cyber Software, Inc. Cyber Software, Inc. has been one of the strongest security company laser-focused on illuminating any cyber threats, those that can target the heart of the enterprise. Since our first goal is to stop attacks before they stop business, harm innocent people by stealing their information, or causing losses in any other different way Cyber Software, Inc. for many decades has been trusted by the world’s leading companiesRead MoreSecurity Concerns With Having An International Company1114 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscussing some of those vulnerabilities. So you need to understand that the company culture needs to bridge the gap on these issues so the company can stop these vulnerabilities, so the companies culture needs to direct and guide against these issues. I will use the list from Heimdal Security story â€Å"10 Critical Corporate Cyber Security Risks – A Data Driven List† The first concern is the â€Å"failure to cover cyber security basics Zaharia (2016)†. With emerging counties entering the market place theyRead MoreBullying, Online Predatory Action And Identity Theft1285 Words   |  6 PagesWith the increase in technology in schools and at home, teacher need to be more aware and have more knowledge on cyber safety. Cyber safety includes many elements including; bullying, online predatory action and identity theft. With the rise of technology online bullying is becoming an ever-growing problem. This is because it not only allows for a student to be bullied at school, but can also be taken home as well. Online bullying can have many negative effects including; depression, anxiety andRead MoreWhen Cybersecurity Policy Is Discussed The Topics Often1145 Words   |  5 PagesWhen cybersecurity policy is discussed the topics often focus on technology, corporate culture, and security awareness. The success of an organization in defending its most valuable asset, data, depends on the proper implementation of several security practices. Ensuring that the â€Å"human aspect† of cyber security is addressed is vital, for the culture of an organization can greatly impact both the security posture and defense of information networks. This paper addresses the human aspects responsibleRead MoreEssay about Exploring the Issue of Cyber Bullying1238 Words   |  5 PagesCyber bullying has been a topic for scholarly inquiry, political debate, and policy reform since the commercialization of the Internet. Pre-internet bullying involved socially marginalized children and teenagers picking on their friends and other marginalized children in the school yard. Traditional discipline included detentions, phone calls to their parents, and some sort of reconciliation between the children involved. Today however, the climate for bullies has dramatically changed and theRead MoreThe Emergency Management Response Team1581 Words   |  7 Pagesresilient energy delivery system, it surrounds more securing control systems where it includes securing smart technologies that affects physical security and cyber-physical to where an area meets and communicates with different things (energy.gov 2011). The energy delivery sector not onl y should survive cyber occurrences, or intentional cyber assaults, with these incidents may be man-made unintentional or by inattentive or untrained employees. The stakeholders of the energy sector see their vision

Is America Falling Apart Free Essays

â€Å"People are underpaid but they go through an act of liking their work, the open markets are luscious when esculent color, the community is more important than the stat, the human condition is humorously accepted. † (297) â€Å"The quality of life has nothing to do with the quantity of brand names. What matters is talk, family, cheap wine in the open air, the wresting of minimal sweetness out of the long-known bitterness of living. We will write a custom essay sample on Is America Falling Apart? or any similar topic only for you Order Now (297) â€Å"American individualism, on the face of it an admirable philosophy, whishes to manifest itself in independence of the community. You don’t share things in common; you have your own things. A family’s strength is signalized by its possessions. Herein lies a paradox. For the desire for possessions must eventually mea dependence on possessions. (298)† â€Å"New appetites are invented; what to the European are bizarre luxuries become, to the American, plain necessities. 298)† â€Å"It is not right that men and women should fear to go on the streets at nights, and that they should sometimes fear the police as much as criminals. Both of whom sometimes look like a mirror images of each other. (301)† â€Å"The wealth qualification for the aspiring politician is taken for granted; a governmental system dedicated to the promotion of personal wealth in a few selected areas will never act for the public good. The time has come, nevertheless, for citizens to demand, from their government, a measure of socialization—the provision of amenities for the many, of which adequate state pensions and sickness benefits, as well as nationalized transport, should be priorities. (302)† â€Å"I come to America as to a country more simulation than depressing. The future of mankind is being worked out there on a scale typically American—vast, dramatic, almost apocalyptical. I brave the brutality and the guilt in order to be in on the scene. I shall be back. (302)† How to cite Is America Falling Apart?, Papers

BUS300

BUS300-20: Decision Making Essay Class: BUS300-20: Decision Making Essay Assignment Description: For this assignment think of an important business decision you have made in the past in which the results of your decision turned out poorly. Your manager is concerned and wants to make sure that you learned from this mistake and the likelihood of this happening in the future is minimal. Therefore she would like you to email her a reflective analysis about that decision. Be sure to address the following in your analysis: 1.Describe the decision and its relative importance to you as the decision maker. (1 paragraph) 2.Use three different theories associated with this units resources and readings to illustrate your decision making process. (3 paragraphs). 3.Compare and contrast your understanding of judgment and/or decision making using these three different theoretical approaches.(3 to 4 Paragraphs) 4. What does this imply about our understanding of how to make judgments and decisions? (1 to 2 Paragraphs). 5.How will knowledge of this analysis help you to make better decisions in the future? (1-2 paragraphs) 1.Describe the decision and its relative importance to you as the decision maker. The decision was made when I was a Production Supervisor. Quality of product was getting much attention due to many customer complaints as a result many standards were put into practice. In an effort to reduce the customer complaints, all employees were expected to follow the new standards. Even though the standards were in place we received yet another complaint. I was able to trace the complaint to an individual and although, according to the documentation all the standards were followed, I concluded that the paperwork was erroneous. I disciplined the employee with three days off without pay however, the disciplinary action was used more an example to the rest of the workforce as opposed to an attempt to change the employees behavior. 2.Use three different theories associated with this units resources and readings to illustrate your decision making process. First, I made assumptions regarding the honesty of the individual. This judgment was context dependent in that it was made relative to the data available and the behavior of his co-workers. My conclusion that this person was dishonest was derived from assumptions and the contrast effect. Second, in my attempt to eliminate risk, the certainty effect of the prospect theory was exercised. The information available led to the decision to reduce to probability of recurrence. A result of the probability of an outcome by a constant factor has more impact when the outcome was initially certain that when it was merely probable. (Tversky Kahneman, 1985, Plous, 1993, p. 99) Third, I feared what would happen if nothing was done. What would my employees think? Am I a pushover? Will more complaints occur? In order to avoid these questions and any resulting regret the decision was made based on the regret theory (Plous, 1993 p.101). 3.Compare and contrast your understanding of judgment and/or decision making using these three different theoretical approaches. My understanding of the judgment was based on the surrounding context. The baseline for the behavior of the employee was determined by a reference point, being the conduct of his co-workers. Second, even though the probability of another complaint was not reduced I naively chose work with the available data and assumptions. I would have liked to get more of an objective picture. Third, I needed to understand the full implications of the decision. In this case my fear of how my actions would be perceived outweighed the real issue and what truly needed to be done to correct it. In fact the regret theory probably had the strongest effect in that I believed that making an example of an individual would ensure good behavior from his co-workers. 4.What does this imply about our understanding of how to make judgments and decisions? Stress induces judgments. In this decision my stress was created by the need to do something to stop complaints. This judgment was made on assumptions and incomplete information which leads to potentially moral and ethical implications. 5. .u9c83015cce7743ba5f1d72c482928afe , .u9c83015cce7743ba5f1d72c482928afe .postImageUrl , .u9c83015cce7743ba5f1d72c482928afe .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9c83015cce7743ba5f1d72c482928afe , .u9c83015cce7743ba5f1d72c482928afe:hover , .u9c83015cce7743ba5f1d72c482928afe:visited , .u9c83015cce7743ba5f1d72c482928afe:active { border:0!important; } .u9c83015cce7743ba5f1d72c482928afe .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9c83015cce7743ba5f1d72c482928afe { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9c83015cce7743ba5f1d72c482928afe:active , .u9c83015cce7743ba5f1d72c482928afe:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9c83015cce7743ba5f1d72c482928afe .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9c83015cce7743ba5f1d72c482928afe .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9c83015cce7743ba5f1d72c482928afe .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9c83015cce7743ba5f1d72c482928afe .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9c83015cce7743ba5f1d72c482928afe:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9c83015cce7743ba5f1d72c482928afe .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9c83015cce7743ba5f1d72c482928afe .u9c83015cce7743ba5f1d72c482928afe-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9c83015cce7743ba5f1d72c482928afe:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Raisin In The Sun Essay PromptsHow will knowledge of this analysis help you to make better decisions in the future? Any assumptions used in decision making should be weighted with the lowest value and used with the utmost caution. Using people to change the behavior of others .

Strikes on the Air Zones free essay sample

This paper takes a look at labor disputes in connection with air travel. This paper addresses such questions as to why there were air strikes in 2001, how the strikes were settled and why President Bush became involved with the air strikes. Almost every year the threat of airline strikes seem to happen. Approximately 97 percent of airline labor disputes will be solved without them going on strike. The airlines do not have good public relations. In fact, the industrys very structure and the disagreement between labor and management about who runs the enterprise create persistent tensions even when the employees own the airline (Freeman1). The pilot may believe that management is extraneous and themselves as indispensable.

dinner at homesick restaurant essays

dinner at homesick restaurant essays The novel Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant is one of Tylers more complex because it involves not only the growth of the mother, Pearl Tull, but each of her children as well. Pearl must except her faults in raising her children, and her children must all face their own loneliness, jealousy, or imperfection. It is in doing this that they find connections to their family. They find growth through suffering. Cody Tull, the oldest child and the one most damaged by the failure of his parents marriage he becomes an aggressive, quarrelsome efficiency expert.(Voelker 126) He feels that it his fault that Beck, the father, left. Especially when they bring up the arrow incident. Cody never really feels like a family as he expresses: You think were a family...when in particles, torn apart, torn all over the place?(Tyler 294). He never recovers from his father leaving. The optimism of Ezra is never noticed by the family. He never let his past affect his life and very little bothered him. The family does not notice his optimism because Cody resented it, Jenny ignored it and Pearl misunderstood it. His optimism is shown when Cody is reflecting on their childhood, about how bad it was and how their mother was a shrieking witch. Ezra responds, She wasnt always angry. Really she was angry very seldom, only a few times widely spaced, that happened to stick in your mind(Tyler 295). Even though Ezra felt his childhood was not that unhappy, he never feel his family is a whole because of Codys jealousy, Jennys isolation and Pearls confusion. Ezra creates and manages a restaurant that corrects the excessive closeness of his family with an atmosphere that consoles the customer while making no demands.(Volker 126) This was his idealistic home. Jenny, the youngest, becomes a pediatrician, a professional mother, who can avoid stifling emoti...

Duration estimation a new approach in Critical chain scheduling Essay

Duration estimation a new approach in Critical chain scheduling - Essay Example estimation of activities through estimating the level of uncertainty buried in each activity duration and after that taking out of safety periods related to this uncertainty. The validity or soundness of this proposed method, according to the authors, is measured by carrying out a computer simulation on a number of the test problems. Simulation analysis proves that the suggested technique yields schedules that are more dependable than the schedules established by first CCPM technique of duration estimation. Some of the crucial key terms discussed in this article include critical chain, theory of constraint, duration estimation and project scheduling. Critical chain, according to Rezaie, Manouchehrabadi & Shirkouhi (481) is the longest series of events through the project network following the resource contentions. Critical chain, in other words, is a group of tasks through which the project general duration is decided. The authors also discuss how time/duration estimation is a crucia l matter of the critical chain. The authors discuss how Goldratt dedicated a substantial part of this research trying to explain the cause why safety periods cannot safeguard the projects intended dates against the doubt embedded in projects. Rezaie, Manouchehrabadi & Shirkouhi (482) give numerical facts, which were not broadly discussed in Goldratt’s original work. They argue that Goldratt did not exactly specify any numerical distribution function, but assumed a right distorted distribution for every activity duration whereby there was a significant distance between 50% quantile and 90% quantile. They further talked about the propensity among individuals involved in time estimation to overrate the required time so that adequate safety period is put into the measures. The third section of the article, Investigating of Time Estimation Methods, analyzes the method proposed by the authors. The authors go deep into the explanation giving both quantitative and qualitative facts.

Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Islam - Essay Example Thus, although there is no sign at all that Mohammed and his followers were blood descendants of Abraham, Islam is clearly associated with the biblical times, characters and traditions; even if the Bible has not had that profound effect on Islam as upon Christianity (Peters, 2004). Having developed from events that took place some 1400 years ago in the Arabian Peninsula, Islam is currently a world faith with over one billion followers worldwide (Gordon, 2003). On the other hand, although the Islamic religious doctrine, practices, and institutions have been the subject of numerous, if not countless, writings and discussions (Gordon, 2003), Islam remains the most misinterpreted, hence misunderstood religion, especially in the light of recent events such as the 9/11 attacks and the consequent ‘war on terror’. Therefore, this paper attempts to get an insight into the Islamic religion, highlighting some of the most contentious points of the doctrine. Historical Background In order to understand the essence of Islam as fully as possible, one would need to take into consideration first and foremost its historical context in which this religious cult has originated and matured; by the way, this is equally valid as far as any other religious tradition is concerned. Mohammed was born in Mecca about 570 AD, in the Hashim clan of the Quraish tribe which possessed a distinguished status in the town (Schimmel, 1992, p. 11). By that time, the wealth and ancient glory of the Arabian Peninsula, most notably the powerful trading kingdom of Saba (â€Å"The Kingdoms of Ancient South Arabia,† n.d.), was already too far gone (Schimmel, 1992). The religious life of the Arab tribes, particularly in Central Arabia, was still dominated by a rather primitive religion, whose rituals were performed in numerous tribal sanctuaries, including the shrine in Kaaba which appeared the center of the pagan cult; additionally, there were certain Jewish and Christian influences (S chimmel, 1992, p. 7). Arabia was situated in the sphere of influence of its trade partners by then – Persia and Constantinople (Schimmel, 1992). There were also a number of Jewish settlements not far from Medina, and even – according to some authors – the kings of Saba had reportedly converted to Judaism; the latter inter alia indicates a quest of a higher faith (Schimmel, 1992). Somewhere in his forties, Mohammed was overcome by visions and voices, realizing that he was entrusted with a divine mandate – to proclaim, like some Hebrew prophets of earlier times, most notably Amos, the forthcoming Day of Judgment when the human beings will face the one omnipotent God, their Lord, to answer for their actions (Schimmel, 1992, p. 12). The obvious parallel between Mohammed – the last prophet – and the first Hebrew prophet of judgment, Amos, is not only in theological terms, but also in terms of historical necessity. Thus, having seen the decline in Arabia’s power and wealth, likely brought about by the Arab tribes’ disunity and internal feuds, Mohammed found the ultimate means of unification – the belief in one omnipotent God – and saw himself at first as a God’s messenger to the Arabs, a prophet being sent to warn them (Schimmel, 1992, p. 15); later on, however, he put his visions into practice, embarking on a decisive move towards uniting the

Microcontroller in the ((( printer))) Research Paper

Microcontroller in the ((( printer))) - Research Paper Example This research paper will discuss the importance of microcontrollers through discussing its association to the various printers’ mechanisms. Introduction The invention of printer was important to the world especially at a time when there was pressing need to produce hardcopies. This need arose because of the invention of computers which required that an individual obtains a printout of the softcopy. Consequently, this led to the invention of the first printer, called a teletype machine but this were inefficient triggering the invention of dot matrix printers making use of microcontroller (Andrews, 45). Intuitively, it is true to say that microcontrollers saved the world in making the nowadays existing printers, inkjet and LaserJet printers. It is important to analyze of how the microcontroller leads to the efficiency of inkjet considering that this type of printer makes use of ink dots. Just like in other devices, like dishwasher, the microcontroller helps in providing motion t o the ink dots required to reach the paper and yield images. The action of microcontroller in controlling various processes such as electric current, performance and electric current makes it useful within the printers. This is like saying that the use of microcontroller reflects the quality of output from the printers. ... This always involves making use of thermal heat to initiate kinetic energy to the drop allowing it to move to the paper. The following is an image showing the impact of heat on the ink drop: As it is shown in the image, the required squirt of ink to the paper occurs after heating the ink which then starts to move in form of a bubble. However, the bubble bursts when it reaches out in the high pressure zone. This pressure causes the ink to burst causing it to hit the paper. The need for cooling effect sets in, at this point, where there is need for the bubble to collapse. The cooling effect triggers the elements in the bubble to cool thereby causing it to collapse. Consequently, the firing process forms a significant stage in delivering a desirable output from the printer. The whole idea of the heating and cooling relies on the need for operating in shorter and longer loops. In turn, the firing process depends on the presence of the microcontroller, which is an embedded system, allowin g the manufacturers to use it within the system. In this case, the microcontroller helps in controlling the temperature required for heating and cooling. The ability of the microcontroller to regulate the temperature of the system makes through its CPU allows it to be effective in the printer. The Random Access Memory allows the user to initiate the process of heating and cooling as a temporary process (Ibrahim, 26). Since it stores the data temporarily, it allows the whole process to stop once, the power goes off. This allows the printer to initiate the heating and cooling process, once the power is put on, while also stopping the process when the power goes off. The microcontroller allows the printer to work in longer and closer

Cost Effectiveness In Prison Management Criminology Essay

Cost Effectiveness In Prison Management Criminology Essay It is unclear what characterizes an offender as elderly. The age of 65 as a marker between middle age and old age was based off of social legislation during the late 19th and early 20th centuries for purposes of determining eligibility for social, retirement or other benefits.19 Many offenders are considered by correctional authorities to be a part of the older prison population, despite being aged 15 years or more below societal perceptions of ages traditionally affiliated with being old. States have applied different factors to gauge the true age of elderly inmates as a result of their continuous exposure to the prison environment. Such factors include the stress and anxiety associated with living in an isolated environment, the degree of mental and physical impairment, and the higher risk of victimization due to the offenders advanced Elderly Inmates: A Growing Trend US- Graying Prison, Canada- Japan- HK- Argument against incarcerating the elderly offender Cost of Incarceration Basic Needs and Programs In the US, the courts have ruled that inmates have rights that are essentially dominated by the basic needs of all inmates. Sufficient nutrition, medical care, and safety are a few of the rights determined by the courts to ensure that basic needs are met. Programs have also been initiated for non-basic needs, for example, educational and training program, work programs and therapy and counseling programs. The programs that meet the basic and non-basic needs of older inmates are essentially the same as for younger inmates. However, there is a difference between what is required to meet the basic and nonbasic needs of younger versus older inmates. The discrepancies exist between and inmates needs which result in specialized programs (Wheeler, 1999). To cope with the needs of an increasing older prison population, states corrections departments have been taking steps ranging from developing targeted programs and activities for elderly inmates to providing specialized geriatric care. In a 2001 survey by the U.S. Criminal Justice Institute, approximately 15 of the 44 participating states and territories indicated that they provided supervised recreational programs specifically designed for older and elderly inmates. And other states have established educational programs on wellness and aging issues as part of an overall preventive care program. Ohios hocking correctional facility offers a 50+ and Aging program, which is designed to address the physical, psychological and social needs of older inmates. Such activities as chair aerobics, adult basic education and GED classes are provided as part of the program, as well as specialized recreational options, including bingo, shuffleboard, horseshoes and a walking program. Pennsylvania h as also provided inmate health care education programs, and has even offered a healthy heart food line, featuring low fat, high fiber foods for inmates (Abner, 2006). Accordingly, opponents are convinced that these specialized programs will needlessly consume the limited corrections and tax payers monies. Health Care Needs Another important factor to consider with respect to the incarceration of elderly offenders is the cost of health care. In a survey of the U.S. Department of Corrections in all fifty states, twenty-seven of the thirty-one institutions that responded identified medical needs and related factors as the most important or significant variable attributed to the cost of aging inmates (Wheeler, Connelly, Wheeler, 1994). Most states estimate that healthcare for an elderly prisoner costs roughly two to three times that for a younger prisoner. In some states, like North Carolina, the average annual cost of healthcare for prisoners 50 and older is four times higher than the cost for prisoners younger than 50. Moreover, while only 11% of North Carolinas prisoners are age 50 and older, the $25 million it costs the state each year to provide healthcare to these aging prisoners constitutes nearly 30% of the states total correctional healthcare budget (American Civil Liberties Union, 2012). In Flor ida, prisoners age 50 and older accounted for a disproportionate share of all medical contacts. While 11% of the total prison population was in this age range, these prisoners constituted 38% of all medical contacts for hypertension, 44% for diabetes, 21% for asthma, and 36% for general medicine (ACLU, 2012). As inmates age and the number of chronic illnesses increases, so does an individuals chance of needing hospitalization and geriatric care. Health problems such as strokes, Alzheimers disease, and other form of dementia that increase with age (Atchley, 1994). These illnesses even require specially trained personnel and twenty-four hour care, the type of care offered in nursing homes. Opponents believe just a few of the health care-related costs that currently and will continue in the future to face correction officials and society if we demand incarceration of elderly offenders and do not allow for alternative methods of sentencing. Housing Needs As the age of older offenders increases, whether from aging within prison or entering prison at an older age, their physical, social, and health care needs change. Therefore, modifications must be made with respect to the prison itself. Clearly, most prisons that exist today were not constructed or designed with the needs of older offenders in mind (Wheeler, 1999). Prison are going to have to be designed or renovated to provide elderly-friendly environments that will meet the physical, psychological, and social needs of older offenders. In the years to come, many of Japans 74 prisons will end up looking like Onomichi, an aging prison about 400 miles south-west of Tokyo that first started catering to older prisoners 20 years ago. A handrail runs the length of the corridor, and makeshift wheelchair ramps are kept at the entrance to the communal baths. There is a portable mattress on hand in case anyone feels faint, along with a wheelchair and, placed discreetly behind a desk, boxes of incontinence pads (McCurry, 2008). In the U.S., at the same time, specialized houing for elderly inmates appears to be another trend. At least 16 states provide separate housing facility for older prisoners (Abner, 2006). These examples indicate that with the aging population, there is a growing demand for barrier-free or elderly-friendly physical environments. Thus, opponents believe that the scare resources will be consumed. Safe Guarding the Older Offender Housing older inmates with the general prison population can place them in an environment that put their safety in danger. Older offenders are outnumbered and more vulnerable to attack. They are viewed as prey by younger, more aggressive inmates (Wheeler, 1999). According to a 2004 National Intelligence Council report (Abner, 2006), the lack of personal protection for elderly inmates, who may be frail and therefore vulnerable to the threats of assault by younger predatory inmates, contributes to the emotional stress and physical deterioration they routinely experience, especially among those who may be already vulnerable owing to chronic or terminal illness and who have few options for change in their environment. Providing housing that will meet the basic needs of older incarcerated inmates or simply providing for their safety is not cost-effective. Therefore, the opponents argue that alternative methods to incarceration should be considered. Training Staff Currently, corrections staff are trained much as prisons have been designed, with young, violent offenders in mind. Older offenders present an entirely different population, with different needs that require special training (wheeler, 1999). Very often, correctional and healthcare staff lack appropriate training and technical expertise and have not been properly trained to treat age-related illnesses, such as hearing loss, vision problems, arthritis, hypertension, and dementia (ACLU, 2012). Therefore, opponents view it is not cost effective to train future and retrain present prison staff to handle a relatively small percentage of incarcerated older offenders. There are less expensive and more effective ways of dealing with these problems. Argument for incarcerating the elderly offender Elderly Inmates Often Are Violent Offenders Studies of elderly offender have tended to categorize older inmates in a number of different ways, such as first time incarcerated and multiply incarcerated (Soderstrom, 1999). Teller and Howell state that first-time incarcerated offenders generally tend to have current sentences resulting from crimes committed against others, often in a spontaneous fashion, and thus do not view themselves as criminals. Conversely, multiply incarcerated offenders typically are locked up for premeditated crimes and do in fact view themselves as criminals (as cited in Soderstrom, 1999). Even the percent of violent crimes among elderly offenders are rather small. In the US, this age group constitutes 5.5 percent of all those arrested. Approximately fifteen percent of those elders arrested involve serious felonies, including murder, sex offenses, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, or drug trafficking (Ronald Jenifer, 2006). Although these percentages are rather small, they do indicate that an identifiable amount of serious crime is being committed by senior citizens, and sometimes these crimes are of a violent nature. Thus, the need to incarcerate some elderly offenders is arguable, given the seriousness of the criminal activity exhibited by at least a proportion of this older criminal subpopulation. Right to Appropriate medical Treatment Already Established The U.S. Supreme Court affirmed the rights of inmates to have their medical needs met in Estelle v. Gamble (1976). In this case, the Court stated that deliberate indifference to the serious medical needs of prisoners constitutes the unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain proscribed by the Eighth Amendment. Kratcoski Pownall advocated that whether economically practical or not, it clearly has been established through case law that correctional systems must provide a vast array of health care services, including medical, dental, nutritional, acute, and long term care (as cited in Soderstorm, 1999). Therefore, this is not about the cost effectiveness but the responsibility to ensure that the human rights of all inmates are protected. Specialized Programming and Treatment Already Exists for Elderly Inmates Correctional systems increasingly appear to be responding appropriately to the specialized needs of older offenders (Soderstorm, 1999). In the US, the Federal Bureau of Prisons led the way in implementing geriatric care units for elderly inmates, particularly with its creation of a medical unit for male inmates. This specialized unit had 57.6 percent inmates in the 51 or older category according to 1986 figures. Since the late 1970s, the Federal Bureau of Prisons has designated correctional goals to implement these ideal geriatric unit components. Typical programs in such a geriatric facility have included stress management, health wise, drug facts, and positive mental attitude (Kratcoki Pownall, 1989). Thus, it seems that whether economically practical or not, the Federal prison system has accepted the inevitable need to provide extended and specialized services to the elderly inmate. Problems with Age-Segregated Facilities There are a number of arguments against the use of age-segregated facilities, which would be the most costly of methods to handle elderly inmates. Because of the small number of geriatiric inmates that would truly be in need of age-segregated conditions of confinement, the creation of geriatric courts ande other types of age-segregation treatment in the criminal justice system would stereotype all elderly offenders as being feeble and incapable of withstanding regular incarceration conditions (Cavan, 1987). Furthermore, considerable evidence suggests that older inmates actually provide a stabilizing effect on the general inmate population (Rubenstein, 1984). In fact, McCleery (1961) described the inmate hierarchy as being based on seniority. It appears the older inmates serve as unofficial sources of information necessary for successful prison adjustment by younger offenders who tend to be unfamiliar with or unprepared for the rigors of prison life. It has even been suggested that older inmates are respected by younger inmates for their accumulated wisdom regarding the workings of daily prison life, which alleged allows them to manipulate the correctional system to their advantages (Wiltz, 1973). Furthermore, Kratcoski and Pownall (1989) pointed out most federal elderly inmates had been previously incarcerated, so they certainly were not naÃÆ'Â ¯ve about prison life. Therefore, not all elderly really require incarcerated into age-segregated or move toward a separate geriatric justice system.

Ancient South American Foodways Essay examples -- Domestication, Plant

Ancient South American Foodways Domestication of plants and animals has long been indicated as a main causational factor for population increase and socio-political complexity. Evidence of domestication of plants in South America has been said of have initially occurred 8000 BC, evidence of squash in Ecuador (Pearsall 2008:107), and 500 years earlier lima beans and chili peppers are being exploited (Lynch 1983:125-6). However, it took several millennia for intensive manipulation of plants to become standard practice for subsistence. The Archaic transition occurred around 3000 BC was identifiable for its â€Å"broadly based subsistence, experimental agriculture, seasonal nomadism giving way to sedentism, and technological proliferation† (Lynch 1983:91). By the end of the Paleo-Indian times the shift to agriculture and cultivation came to a head during Pre-ceramic 2500 BC quinoa, maize, gourd, squash, potato, beans and lucuma were now utilized for agricultural domestication—the Formative stage according the Lynch (1983:91) ca. 2000 BC had â€Å"intensive agriculture, full sedentism, class systems, corporate labor projects, and temple-based religions.† Before and continuing through the advent of irrigation agriculture, South Americans diets and main source of protein was marine based. â€Å"Fishing is very nearly as old in the new world as the presence of humans—seafood not just agriculture underwrote the first formation of Andean Civilization† (Isbell, Sandweiss, Silver 2008:147). Small sea villages eventually provided a mutual trade system for larger complex towns—exchange of maritime resources for agricultural products. The advent of irrigation agriculture was vital in the formation of complex villages. The trajectory of irrigation in Sou... ...ithin and without the temple precincts, Chavin possessed elements which were to became standard in later Andean cities† (Bruhns, 1994:131). Also, Chiripa located near the Southern end of Lake Titicaca (600-100 BC), because a model for later temple structures particularly the Kidder Temple at Pucara. The site consisted of rectangular buildings around a central patio and each site in the complex housed a sunken rectangular temple. Consistencies across Nazca settlement patterns indicate urban planning strategies and monitoring systems. The Incan culture derived from Tiwanaku. Incan empire expanded from its core, Cuzco in the Cuzco Valley. Incan’s ability to cultivate and harvest resulting in techniques for food storage that could last from 3-7 years. Inca’s took the crops of those conquered nations and cultivated them ensuring seasonality differentiation abundance.